Any use of the results or inventories under any form should be referenced as following:

When, where and how can the electrification of passenger cars reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
Sacchi R., Bauer C., Cox B., Mutel C.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Article (PDF).

carculator online (1.3.2), carculator (1.8.4)

Here are the vehicles parameters considered for the results presented below (limited to 6 vehicles).

If you wish to modify some of these parameters (fuel blends, engine efficiency, battery size, etc.) or if you wish to add other vehicles (other sizes, other years of manufacture), go to the CONFIGURATION (login required, registration and use are completely free).

By default, the chart below shows the environmental impacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions emitted for each vehicle, per km driven. The results are sub-divided into categories: powertrain, maintenance, fuel manufacture, energy storage, etc. The user can change the environmental indicator using the list on the left. The user can isolate some of the impact categories by clicking them out from the legend area.

Impacts per kilometer
Information on selected indicator

Accumulated impacts over lifetime	Midpoint indicators normalized by the average annual impact of a person
The graph below illustrates the accumulated impacts of the vehicles along their use phase. The intercept of the slope represents the impacts associated with the production of the vehicle, occurring before the use phase, while the slope illustrates variable emissions associated with the preparation of the fuel (or generation of the electricity) and direct exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. You may select an impact category to consider from the dropdown menu below.	This graph shows midpoint indicators normalized by the average impacts of a person in 2010. This helps identify which midpoint indicators are the most relevant. You can add or remove indicators to consider. Because these indicators are normalized, they are not expressed in their original unit, but as a fraction of the impact of an average person over the year 2010. Source for normalization factors and recommendations: European Commission, 2017 Most recommended climate change ozone depletion particulate matter formation Recommended ionising radiation photochemical oxidant formation terrestrial acidification terrestrial eutrophication freshwater eutrophication marine eutrophication human toxicity - carcinogenic human toxicity - non-carcinogenic Least reliable natural land transformation freshwater ecotoxicity water depletion fossil depletion metal depletion

The environmental midpoint indicators listed above are characterized and grouped into three main endpoint indicators, namely: damage to human health, damage to ecosystems and resources depletion. These indicators are further monetized to obtain external costs on the environment, according to the StepWise2006 method. This allows to compare them to the cost of ownership (Euro) and obtain a single score by adding them up. The user can adjust the importance to be given to the three environmental indicators as well as the cost of ownership to produce a specific ranking. To remove the cost of ownership from the results and keep environmental indicators only, move the right-most handle of the slider to the right.

Human health impacts	Ecosystem impacts	Resource depletion	Cost of ownership
Midpoint indicators weighted contribution to single score		Endpoint indicators contribution to single score

This section compares the distance that can be driven by each vehicle given a life cycle budget.

How long can the vehicles drive on a life cycle budget of 1 kg CO2-eq. Euro liter of petrol-eq. ?